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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Novel Radiation Approaches.

Rupesh Kotecha1, Martin C Tom1, Minesh P Mehta1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|March 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glioblastoma treatment combines surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Advanced imaging and novel radiotherapy techniques like particle therapy and FLASH are being explored to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Carbon ionsGBMGlioblastomaProtonsRadiation therapyRadiotherapyTrials

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Standard glioblastoma care involves surgery, radiation, and temozolomide.
  • Glioblastoma multiforme remains a challenging brain tumor with limited treatment options.
  • Improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy is crucial for better patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advanced radiotherapy techniques for glioblastoma.
  • To explore novel approaches for improving radiation delivery and efficacy.
  • To discuss the potential of particle therapy and other innovative methods in glioblastoma treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on glioblastoma radiotherapy.
  • Analysis of advanced imaging for target delineation.
  • Evaluation of particle therapy (protons, carbon ions, BNCT).
  • Assessment of re-irradiation techniques (stereotactic, hypofractionated, pulsed-reduced dose-rate).
  • Exploration of novel approaches like FLASH radiotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Advanced imaging aids in precise radiotherapy target volume delineation.
  • Particle therapy offers potential for improved dose distribution and reduced toxicity.
  • Re-irradiation techniques provide options for recurrent or previously treated glioblastoma.
  • Novel techniques like FLASH radiotherapy show promise for enhanced tumor control.

Conclusions:

  • Glioblastoma treatment is evolving with advanced radiotherapy.
  • Particle therapy and novel techniques represent promising strategies to improve the radiotherapeutic ratio.
  • Continued research into innovative radiotherapy approaches is essential for advancing glioblastoma care.