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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Overview
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

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Programmable technologies to manipulate gene expression at the RNA level.

Huachun Liu1, Simone Rauch1, Bryan C Dickinson1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New bifunctional molecules offer novel ways to control gene expression by targeting RNA. These advanced RNA-targeting technologies promise significant therapeutic developments for various diseases.

Keywords:
CIRTSCRISPR/Cas13EpitranscriptomicsGenetic therapiesTranscriptome regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Therapeutic Development
  • RNA Therapeutics

Background:

  • RNA is a key therapeutic target, with increasing clinical success seen in RNA interference (RNAi) drugs.
  • Oligonucleotide-based strategies for gene knockdown are advancing in clinical applications.
  • The range of effectors that can modify gene expression at the RNA level is rapidly expanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recently developed bifunctional molecular technologies that target and act on specific RNA molecules.
  • To highlight novel approaches for programmable RNA modulation.
  • To discuss the potential impact of these technologies on future therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on bifunctional molecular technologies that interact with and modulate target RNAs.
  • Review of emerging strategies for RNA knockdown, editing, splicing, translation, and chemical modification.
  • Analysis of recent advancements in programmable RNA-targeting effectors.

Main Results:

  • Identification of novel bifunctional molecular technologies for RNA-based therapeutics.
  • Demonstration of programmable control over RNA knockdown, editing, splicing, translation, and chemical modifications.
  • Highlighting the expanding repertoire of RNA-targeting effectors.

Conclusions:

  • Bifunctional RNA-targeting technologies represent a significant advancement in therapeutic development.
  • These novel approaches offer precise control over gene expression at the RNA level.
  • The expanding field of RNA therapeutics is poised for impactful clinical applications in the next decade.