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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

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Perceptual distraction causes visual memory encoding intrusions.

Blaire Dube1, Julie D Golomb2

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. dube25@osu.edu.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|May 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Salient distractions can disrupt attentional filters controlling visual working memory (VWM). This disruption leads to irrelevant information being incidentally encoded into VWM, affecting subsequent search performance.

Keywords:
Attentional captureVisual searchVisual working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Visual working memory (VWM) is crucial for maintaining goal-relevant information.
  • Attentional filters regulate VWM access, prioritizing important stimuli.
  • Distractions can capture attention and disrupt search, but their impact on VWM control is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether salient distractors disrupt the attentional filter controlling access to VWM.
  • To examine the consequences of distraction on VWM encoding and subsequent search behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Participants completed two consecutive visual search tasks.
  • A salient distractor was presented during the first search task.
  • The color of the distractor was incidentally encoded into VWM, influencing the second search task.

Main Results:

  • Slower responses were observed in the second search task when a non-target item matched the distractor's color from the first task.
  • This memory-driven capture effect was specific to the distractor's color, not other non-target colors.
  • Evidence suggests incidental encoding of irrelevant distractor features into VWM.

Conclusions:

  • Distraction disrupts the attentional filter that gates VWM.
  • This disruption leads to the incidental encoding of irrelevant information, impacting goal-directed behavior.
  • The proposed Filter Disruption Theory explains how distraction affects VWM control.