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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
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Spinal Cord01:26

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Establishment of Central Cord Syndrome Model in C57BL/6J Mouse
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Establishment of Central Cord Syndrome Model in C57BL/6J Mouse

Published on: September 8, 2023

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Central Cord Syndrome Redefined.

Mauricio J Avila1, R John Hurlbert1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Banner University Medical Center, PO Box 245070, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Room 4303, Tucson, AZ 85724-5070, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|May 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury, affecting arms and hands. Researchers propose redefining CCS to standardize diagnosis for better outcome data analysis.

Keywords:
Central cord syndromeCervical spondylosisCervical stenosisElderlyFallsHyperextensionNeck traumaSpinal cord injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Spinal Cord Injury Research
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Central cord syndrome (CCS) is a prevalent form of incomplete spinal cord injury.
  • CCS is characterized by neurological deficits predominantly impacting the upper extremities.
  • Recent evidence indicates CCS is the most frequent type of spinal cord injury overall in the 21st century.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical context, injury mechanisms, pathophysiology, and clinical aspects of CCS.
  • To address the need for diagnostic standardization in the era of big data.
  • To propose a revised definition of CCS to facilitate unified outcome data.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical origins, mechanisms, and pathophysiology of CCS.
  • Analysis of current epidemiological trends in spinal cord injuries.
  • Formulation of a new diagnostic criterion for CCS.

Main Results:

  • CCS is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury, with deficits favoring the hands and arms.
  • The incidence of CCS as the overall most common spinal cord injury is increasing.
  • A proposal for redefining CCS is presented to standardize diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Standardizing the definition of CCS is crucial for consolidating outcome data.
  • The proposed redefinition of CCS as any adult cervical spinal cord injury without fracture/dislocation aims to improve data consistency.
  • This redefinition supports advancements in understanding and managing CCS.