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Related Concept Videos

Bystander Effect

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

Blinding

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

Crossover Experiments

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Reducing distracted pedestrian behavior using Bluetooth beacon technology: A crossover trial.

David C Schwebel¹, Ragib Hasan¹, Russell Griffin¹

¹University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.

Accident; Analysis and Prevention

|June 14, 2021

Summary

The StreetBit app reduced distracted pedestrian behavior by 64% in frequent distractors using full-screen alerts. This mobile intervention shows promise for improving pedestrian safety, though further development is needed.

Keywords:

Bluetooth beacon Crossover trial Distracted pedestrian Road traffic safety

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Last Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

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Published on: April 30, 2020

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Published on: December 18, 2020

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

Area of Science:

Public Health
Human-Computer Interaction
Transportation Safety

Background:

Fatal pedestrian injuries have risen in the US, with mobile device distraction a suspected major contributor.
Current strategies to mitigate distracted pedestrian behavior are limited and largely ineffective.
The StreetBit app was developed as a primary prevention tool to alert distracted pedestrians to traffic hazards.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of the StreetBit app in reducing distracted pedestrian behavior.
To assess the impact of a mostly-passive primary prevention program utilizing smartphone alerts.

Main Methods:

A crossover design study involved 385 participants at an urban university.
The StreetBit app was tested over 10 weeks: 3 weeks inactive, 3 weeks active alerts, 4 weeks inactive.
Electronic data collection captured 34,923 street-crossing events to monitor user distraction.

Main Results:

A significant reduction in distraction was observed in Android users with high baseline distraction rates who received full-screen alerts (64% decreased odds).
This reduction persisted in the post-intervention phase (52% decreased odds).
User feedback indicated positive impressions of the StreetBit app.

Conclusions:

StreetBit demonstrated effectiveness for a specific subgroup: frequently distracted Android users receiving intrusive alerts.
Software limitations (intrusive alerts for Android vs. banner for iOS) and user curiosity influenced results.
Further development and testing are warranted to optimize StreetBit for broader application in pedestrian safety.