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Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

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Updated: Nov 1, 2025

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Minoxidil: a comprehensive review.

A K Gupta1,2, M Talukder2, M Venkataraman2

  • 1Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
|June 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topical minoxidil is FDA-approved for androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Oral and sublingual minoxidil show promise for hair regrowth in both men and women, potentially offering greater efficacy than topical treatments.

Keywords:
AGAHair lossRogaineandrogenetic alopeciaminoxidiloralsublingualtopical

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Pharmacology
  • Hair Restoration Science

Background:

  • Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) affects both men and women.
  • Topical minoxidil (5% foam, 5% solution, 2% solution) is FDA-approved for AGA.
  • Minoxidil's mechanism involves vasodilation, anti-inflammatory effects, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and antiandrogen activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of topical, oral, and sublingual minoxidil for hair loss.
  • To compare the effectiveness of different minoxidil formulations and administration routes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies on topical minoxidil (2% and 5% solutions/foam).
  • Analysis of studies on off-label oral and sublingual minoxidil (0.5-5 mg/day).
  • Pharmacokinetic data on topical minoxidil absorption and metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Topical minoxidil promotes hair regrowth in both men and women with AGA.
  • 5% foam/solution and 2% solution show comparable efficacy for topical use.
  • Oral minoxidil (5 mg/day) demonstrated superior efficacy to topical formulations in male AGA.
  • Low-dose oral/sublingual minoxidil may be effective for female pattern hair loss and telogen effluvium.

Conclusions:

  • Topical minoxidil is an established treatment for AGA.
  • Oral and sublingual minoxidil represent potentially more effective, albeit off-label, therapeutic options for hair loss.
  • Individual response to topical minoxidil may depend on sulfotransferase activity.