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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

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SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR).

Federica Villa1, Fabio Severini1, Francesca Madonini1

  • 1Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria-Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) detectors offer advanced solutions for Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems, addressing challenges in long-range, high-speed 3D imaging even in bright sunlight. This review highlights SPADs

Keywords:
3D rangingSPAD arraylight detection and ranging (LiDAR)scanningsilicon photo multiplier (SiPM)single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)time-of-flight (TOF)

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics and Photonics
  • 3D Imaging Technologies
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is crucial for applications like automotive and augmented reality.
  • Achieving long-range, high-speed 3D imaging, especially outdoors with solar interference, presents significant challenges.
  • Existing LiDAR techniques include stereo-vision, structured light, and various LiDAR types (pulsed, AMCW, FMCW).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of silicon-based Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) detectors for LiDAR applications.
  • To analyze how different SPAD architectures address key LiDAR challenges.
  • To offer guidelines for the development of next-generation SPAD-LiDAR detectors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various 3D-ranging techniques, illumination schemes, and time-resolved detectors.
  • Extensive analysis of silicon SPAD-based LiDAR detectors, including commercial and research prototypes.
  • Examination of SPAD array advancements driven by 3D stacking technologies.

Main Results:

  • SPAD detectors are a key technology for overcoming LiDAR's range, speed, and background illumination challenges.
  • 3D stacking technologies enable smaller pitch, higher pixel counts, and more sophisticated processing in SPAD arrays.
  • Various SPAD architectures are evaluated for their effectiveness in long-range, high-resolution, and high-speed LiDAR.

Conclusions:

  • SPAD-based LiDAR detectors show significant promise for next-generation 3D imaging systems.
  • Advancements in SPAD technology are crucial for meeting the demanding requirements of modern LiDAR applications.
  • Future SPAD-LiDAR designs should leverage 3D stacking and advanced processing for improved performance.