Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
Published on: August 23, 2018
Acid-assisted hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol using Ru(II) and Rh(III) RAPTA-type catalysts under mild conditions
Manoj Trivedi1, Pooja Sharma2, Indresh Kumar Pandey2
1Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India. manojtri@gmail.com and Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110021, India.
Abstract:
A highly efficient homogeneous catalyst system for production of CH3OH from CO2 using single molecular defined ruthenium and rhodium RAPTA-type catalysts [Ru(η6-p-cymene)X2(PTA)] (X = I(1), Cl(2); PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) and rhodium catalysts [Rh(η5-C5Me5)X2(PTA/PTA-BH3)] (X = Cl(3), H(4) and PTA-BH3, H(5)) developed in acidic media under mild conditions. A TON of 4752 is achieved using a [Ru(η6-p-cymene)I2(PTA)] catalyst which represents the first example of CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH using single molecular defined Ru and Rh RAPTA-type catalysts.
Related Concept Videos
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
Catalysis
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

