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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
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Time-of-Year Variation in Intraocular Pressure.

Christina E Morettin1, Daniel K Roberts1,2,3, Tricia L Newman1

  • 1Department of Clinical Education, Illinois Eye Institute, Illinois College of Optometry.

Journal of Glaucoma
|August 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) exhibits a subtle annual pattern, with levels varying by season. This study confirms a cyclical IOP variation, highlighting the importance of considering time of year in eye pressure research.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Chronobiology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical factor in eye health, particularly for conditions like glaucoma.
  • Previous research has not conclusively established a consistent annual pattern in IOP levels.
  • Understanding seasonal variations in IOP is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and the time of year.
  • To determine if a measurable annual pattern exists in IOP levels.
  • To assess the statistical power needed to detect seasonal IOP variations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of three large datasets (N=3041, N=3261, N=69,858) collected between 1999 and 2018 in Chicago, IL.
  • Utilized Goldmann applanation tonometry for IOP measurements.
  • Employed regression analyses, Fourier analysis, and harmonics analysis to detect annual cycles and trends.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant annual IOP pattern was detected across all datasets (P<0.0001).
  • Peak IOP levels were observed in winter (December/January), with the lowest levels in September.
  • A trough-to-peak variation of approximately 1 mmHg was identified, with IOP trending downward in spring and upward in autumn.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides strong evidence for a demonstrable annual, cyclical pattern in intraocular pressure.
  • The seasonal relationship of IOP suggests that time of year is a significant factor influencing eye pressure.
  • Future research should account for these seasonal variations to improve the understanding and management of ocular conditions.