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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

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Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan...
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Proteoglycans01:05

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of N-glycans for Array Development and HIV Antibody Profiling
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Glycan Assembly Strategy: From Concept to Application.

Mingli Liu1, Xianjin Qin1, Xin-Shan Ye1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China.

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing efficient glycan assembly strategies is crucial for advancing biological research. This review summarizes chemical, enzymatic, and automated methods for synthesizing well-defined glycans.

Keywords:
automated glycan assemblycarbohydrateglycanglycosylationsynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Glycobiology
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Glycans exhibit diverse biological activities, making them crucial for research.
  • Natural glycan sources are heterogeneous, and chemical synthesis is complex, hindering research progress.
  • Structurally defined glycans are essential for understanding glycan functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in glycan assembly strategies.
  • To cover various synthetic approaches, including chemical, enzymatic, and automated methods.
  • To highlight the application of these strategies in carbohydrate synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Summarized chemical and enzymatic/chemo-enzymatic approaches for glycan synthesis.
  • Detailed solution-phase and solid-phase/tag-assisted synthesis techniques.
  • Outlined automated glycan assembly methods.

Main Results:

  • Recent progress in glycan assembly strategies has been consolidated.
  • A comprehensive overview of diverse synthetic methodologies is provided.
  • The review highlights the importance of well-defined glycans for biological studies.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced glycan assembly strategies are vital for overcoming synthesis challenges.
  • The reviewed methods facilitate the production of structurally defined glycans.
  • Further development in automated techniques promises to accelerate glycan research.