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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry
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Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide.

Marius Schwabenland1, Wolfgang Brück2, Josef Priller3,4,5,6,7

  • 1Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Acta Neuropathologica
|October 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are key indicators of brain diseases. This review details recent advances in analyzing microglia states in both healthy and diseased CNS environments.

Keywords:
Human microgliaIba1MicrogliaMicroglia histologyMicroglia histopathologyMicroglia immunohistochemistryMicroglia markersMicroglia morphologyMicroglia phenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microglia are highly sensitive immune cells crucial for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis.
  • Microglial activation is an early indicator across various CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of recent advancements in microglia biology.
  • To offer a practical guide for analyzing disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotypes in murine and human CNS.
  • To discuss technical limitations and potential pitfalls in microglia research.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput technologies
  • Single-cell methodologies
  • Epigenetic analyses
  • Morphological and molecular analyses

Main Results:

  • Identification of novel microglia expression profiles and enhancer landscapes.
  • Definition of diverse microglia states in healthy and diseased CNS.
  • Characterization of disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Recent technological advancements have expanded our understanding of microglia heterogeneity.
  • Standardized methods are needed for accurate analysis of microglia phenotypes in CNS diseases.
  • Awareness of technical limitations is essential for reliable interpretation of microglia research data.