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Electronic Structure of Atoms

Electronic Structure of Atoms

An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

The Bohr Model

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as...

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Quantum Internal Structure of Plasmons.

Jinlyu Cao¹, H A Fertig¹, Luis Brey²

¹Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA and Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408 USA.

Physical Review Letters

|November 19, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum geometric dipoles in plasmons offer new control over their behavior. This intrinsic property enables nonreciprocal scattering and manipulation of plasmon dynamics in 2D materials.

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Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

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Published on: July 21, 2018

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Quantum optics
Materials science

Background:

Plasmons are typically described using macroscopic properties like electric fields and currents.
However, plasmons are fundamentally quantum excitations with inherent internal structure.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate that plasmons possess an intrinsic dipole moment linked to their quantum geometry.
To explore the implications of this quantum geometric dipole for plasmon manipulation and dynamics.

Main Methods:

Theoretical investigation of plasmon quantum states and their geometric properties.
Analysis of plasmon scattering from impurities, considering the quantum geometric dipole.

Main Results:

Plasmons exhibit an intrinsic quantum geometric dipole moment.
This dipole induces nonreciprocal scattering of plasmons from impurities in a valley-dependent manner.
The quantum geometric dipole provides a mechanism to control plasmon trajectories.

Conclusions:

The internal quantum geometric structure of plasmons is crucial for understanding their behavior.
This quantum geometric dipole offers novel pathways for controlling plasmon dynamics in two-dimensional materials.