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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Tunable Hidden Altermagnetic Spin Splitting in Layered Ruddlesden-Popper Oxides.

Tongxie Zhang1, Linding Yuan2, James M Rondinelli2

  • 1Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.

Nano Letters
|February 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altermagnets, a new class of materials, show spin splitting useful for spintronics. Researchers found ways to control this splitting in oxides using electric fields and oxygen vacancies.

Keywords:
Ruddlesden−Popper oxidesaltermagnetsfirst-principles calculationshidden spin polarizationnonrelativistic spin splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Altermagnets (AMs) are collinear antiferromagnets with compensated magnetization but exhibit nonrelativistic spin splitting.
  • AMs combine benefits of ferromagnets and conventional antiferromagnets, offering potential for advanced spintronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the existence and control of altermagnetic spin splitting in layered Ruddlesden-Popper oxides.
  • Explore strategies for making local spin splitting globally apparent and tunable for spintronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Symmetry analysis
  • First-principles calculations
  • Electric field effect application
  • Oxygen stoichiometry engineering

Main Results:

  • Altermagnetic spin splitting is found locally in layered Ruddlesden-Popper oxides but is hidden with an even number of perovskite layers.
  • An electric field effect can make the local spin splitting globally apparent by breaking inversion symmetry.
  • Oxygen vacancies enhance spin splitting, and apical oxygen vacancies induce an insulator-to-metal transition.

Conclusions:

  • Layered Ruddlesden-Popper oxides can host altermagnetic properties.
  • Electric fields and oxygen stoichiometry engineering are effective strategies for tuning altermagnetic behavior.
  • This research expands the material platforms for AMs and provides pathways for antiferromagnetic spintronic device development.