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Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as...

Design Consideration

Design Consideration

Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key...

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

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Updated: Oct 7, 2025

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Indirect Fabrication of Lattice Metals with Thin Sections Using Centrifugal Casting

Published on: May 14, 2016

Alloy information helps prioritize material criticality lists.

T E Graedel¹, Barbara K Reck², Alessio Miatto²

¹Center for Industrial Ecology, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, United States. thomas.graedel@yale.edu.

Nature Communications

|January 11, 2022

Summary

Critical metals like dysprosium and gallium are often used in alloys, hindering recycling. Scientists urge avoiding their use in hard-to-recycle products or improving recovery methods.

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Conducting Elevated Temperature Normal and Combined Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments Via a Breech-end Sabot Heater System

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Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgy
Sustainable Materials

Background:

Materials scientists extensively use metals and alloys across the periodic table.
Current practices often overlook material criticality and end-of-life reuse potential.
Existing 'critical materials' lists do not fully address the challenges posed by alloying elements.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the role of critical materials as alloying elements in metals and alloys.
To identify critical metals with low recycling rates and problematic end-of-life characteristics.
To propose strategies for mitigating risks associated with critical metal usage in alloys.

Main Methods:

Expansion and analysis of governmental critical materials lists.
Evaluation of material usage patterns, focusing on alloying element roles.
Assessment of factors influencing end-of-life recovery and recycling rates.

Main Results:

Many critical materials are predominantly used as alloying elements, complicating recovery and reuse.
Six metals—dysprosium, samarium, vanadium, niobium, tellurium, and gallium—are highlighted for concern.
Low concentrations of critical metals in alloys typically result in poor recycling rates.

Conclusions:

Avoid using critical metals in low concentrations within alloys that are unlikely to be recycled.
Implement improved identification and more efficient recycling processes for critical materials.
Enhance the potential for multiple functional uses of critical materials through better lifecycle management.