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An electron turnstile for frequency-to-power conversion.

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This study introduces a novel solid-state direct frequency-to-power conversion (FPC) method using a hybrid single-electron transistor (SET). This approach offers a new pathway for realizing the watt, with potential errors below 1%.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Quantum electronics
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Direct frequency-to-power conversion (FPC) is proposed as a fundamental power standard, traceable to Planck's constant and the caesium 133 atomic clock.
  • Current power standards rely on electrical units (volt and ohm), lacking a direct link to fundamental physical constants.
  • Previous proposals for FPC standards involved single-photon emission/detection, but practical realization remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel solid-state direct frequency-to-power conversion (FPC) method.
  • To propose an alternative to existing electrical-unit-based power standards.
  • To explore the potential of hybrid single-electron transistors (SETs) for metrology applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a hybrid single-electron transistor (SET) for direct frequency-to-power conversion.
  • Engineered the SET to inject n quasi-particles (QPs) per cycle into superconducting leads.
  • Controlled power distribution between leads via bias voltage, achieving near-equal injection of nΔf.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated solid-state direct FPC using a hybrid SET.
  • Achieved discrete energy injection (close to superconducting gap Δ) of quasi-particles.
  • Showcased tunable power distribution among superconducting leads.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed SET-based FPC offers a new route for realizing the watt standard.
  • This method provides traceability to fundamental constants, unlike current electrical standards.
  • Optimized conditions suggest potential for high accuracy, with errors estimated below 1%.