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Refractive error and the reading process: a literature analysis.

J D Grisham, H D Simons

    Journal of the American Optometric Association
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Refractive errors like hyperopia and anisometropia are linked to reading difficulties, with correction improving performance. Myopia and reduced visual acuity generally do not impact reading skills.

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Pediatric Optometry
    • Educational Psychology

    Background:

    • Refractive errors are common visual conditions affecting individuals of all ages.
    • Reading performance is a critical aspect of academic success.
    • The relationship between specific refractive errors and reading abilities requires clear scientific investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze existing scientific literature on the association between refractive error and reading performance.
    • To evaluate the methodological quality of studies investigating refractive error and reading.
    • To identify which refractive errors, if any, impact reading progress and the efficacy of their correction.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic literature review of studies meeting scientific investigation standards.

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  • Critical appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of included studies.
  • Synthesis of findings to draw conclusions on refractive error and reading performance.

    • Main Results:

    • Hyperopia and anisometropia show a correlation with poorer reading progress; correction appears beneficial.
    • Myopia and reduced distance visual acuity are not consistently linked to reading difficulties.
    • Evidence regarding astigmatism and reading is limited due to inadequate study designs.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific refractive errors (hyperopia, anisometropia) are associated with reading challenges, and their correction may enhance reading skills.
    • Current evidence does not strongly link myopia or reduced visual acuity to reading difficulties.
    • Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the impact of astigmatism on reading performance and inform school vision screening protocols.