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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Rapid odor processing by layer 2 subcircuits in lateral entorhinal cortex.

Sebastian H Bitzenhofer1, Elena A Westeinde1, Han-Xiong Bear Zhang1

  • 1Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.

Elife
|February 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) uses distinct neuron types to rapidly process odor information. Temporal coding by these neurons is crucial for distinguishing odor intensity, not just identity.

Keywords:
circuitmouseneuroscienceodor processingolfactory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is vital for olfactory processing.
  • Layer 2 (L2) principal neurons, including fan and pyramidal cells, are key components of LEC's olfactory circuitry.
  • The specific roles of these L2 neuron classes in odor coding remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional properties of L2 principal neurons in the LEC.
  • To determine how these neurons contribute to the coding of odor identity and intensity.
  • To elucidate the role of the LEC in rapid olfactory discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo electrophysiological recordings in awake mice during odor presentation.
  • Population ensemble analysis of L2 neuron activity.
  • Investigation of afferent olfactory input and inhibitory circuit connectivity.
  • Analysis of downstream encoding in the hippocampal CA1 region.

Main Results:

  • L2 neurons respond to odors early within single sniffs.
  • LEC is essential for rapid discrimination of both odor identity and intensity.
  • Odor identity is encoded by firing rates, while odor intensity is represented by spike timing.
  • Distinct afferent inputs and circuit connectivity differentiate L2 neuron types.
  • Temporal coding of odor intensity is observed in both L2 neurons and hippocampal CA1.

Conclusions:

  • LEC subcircuits uniquely process olfactory information, differentiating identity and intensity.
  • Spike timing, in addition to firing rate, plays a critical role in olfactory coding.
  • Temporal coding mechanisms are important for higher-order olfactory processing in areas like the hippocampus.