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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) are formed from the myotomes. MPCs express genes that encode the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7. Along with Pax 3/7, other transcription...
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Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Overview of Muscle Tissues01:25

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The human body has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each class has unique properties that enable them to perform specific functions. However, all muscle tissues share certain properties, including elasticity, contractility, and excitability. 
Elasticity
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells01:10

The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells

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Actin and myosin or actomyosin filaments also play a significant role in cells other than those involved in muscle contraction (which occurs within the sarcomere of muscle cells). The mechanism of non-muscle cell contractile bundles was first observed in Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba. In non-muscle cells, two bundles are commonly found: stress fibers and actomyosin adherence belts. These contractile bundles are smaller and less organized than the ones found in muscle cells. They  are held...
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy00:55

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages
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Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages

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Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application.

Pasquale Esposito1, Daniela Picciotto1, Yuri Battaglia2

  • 1Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi, Trapianto, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.

Advances in Clinical Chemistry
|February 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Myostatin, a protein limiting muscle growth, is a therapeutic target for muscle wasting. Research explores its broader roles in obesity, cardiovascular, and kidney diseases, alongside inhibition strategies.

Keywords:
Activin receptorsAtherosclerosisCachexiaChronic kidney diseaseFollistatinHeart failureInsulin resistanceMyostatinMyostatin inhibitionSarcopenia

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Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Myostatin, a TGF-β superfamily member, regulates skeletal muscle mass by limiting growth and promoting protein breakdown.
  • Its expression and activity are controlled by complex transcriptional, epigenetic, and extracellular binding protein mechanisms.
  • Myostatin's role in muscle atrophy and cachexia makes it a therapeutic target for muscle-wasting conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review myostatin biology, including its regulatory pathways.
  • To discuss the evidence for myostatin's extra-muscular effects in various physiological and pathological processes.
  • To examine therapeutic strategies targeting myostatin inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of myostatin biology and its regulatory pathways.
  • Analysis of experimental and clinical evidence on myostatin's role beyond skeletal muscle.
  • Evaluation of current and past clinical trials for myostatin inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Myostatin influences skeletal muscle growth, aging, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular, and chronic kidney disease.
  • Various strategies to inhibit myostatin have been developed and tested in clinical trials.
  • Evidence supports myostatin's significant role in diverse physiological and pathological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Myostatin is a key regulator of muscle mass with implications for numerous diseases.
  • Inhibiting myostatin presents therapeutic potential but requires careful consideration of its multifaceted roles.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and harness myostatin's therapeutic potential.