Graphene for Nanobiosensors and Nanobiochips

Graphene family nanomaterials have interesting electronic structures which determine their electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Especially, their unique chemical properties enable interactions with biological substances and chemical reagents, and the interactions have further an influence on the observable properties of the graphene family nanomaterials. Such aspects render graphene family nanomaterials versatile for various types of biosensing as a target recognition unit and a recognition-to-signal transduction unit. In this chapter, we look over the recent progress on the graphene-based biosensors, which is categorized in terms of (1) the role of graphene family nanomaterials (target recognition, signal transduction), (2) the sensing mechanisms and modes (electrochemical, electrical, fluorescent, Raman scattering), and (3) the formats of sensing devices (paper, lab-on-a-chip, wearable devices).