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A dynamic systems perspective towards executive function development: Susceptibility at both ends for inhibitory

Qiong Wu1, Karina Jalapa1, Soo Jin Han1

  • 1Department of Human Development & Family Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University. Tallahassee, FL, USA.

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Maternal sensitivity influences infant negative reactivity and executive function. High maternal sensitivity supports better executive function in infants with very low or very high negative reactivity, highlighting person-environment interplay.

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dynamic systems perspectiveexecutive functioninfant negative reactivitymaternal sensitivityoptimal arousal perspective

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Development
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The dynamic systems perspective emphasizes continuous person-environment interactions.
  • Understanding factors influencing early executive function development is crucial.
  • Maternal sensitivity's role in moderating infant temperament and cognitive outcomes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the moderating effect of maternal sensitivity on the association between infant negative reactivity and executive function.
  • To investigate the quadratic relationship between infant negative reactivity and preschoolers' executive functions.
  • To explore nonlinear person-environment interplay in early development.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal, multimethod study design utilizing data from the Family Life Project (N=1292).
  • Observational assessment of infant negative reactivity (6 months), maternal sensitivity (0-3 years), and preschool executive functions.
  • Path modeling with moderation analyses to test the proposed associations.

Main Results:

  • A significant U-shaped quadratic association was found between infant negative reactivity and preschoolers' inhibitory control.
  • This U-shaped relationship was evident only under conditions of high maternal sensitivity.
  • Maternal sensitivity appears to buffer the effects of extreme negative reactivity on executive function.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal sensitivity plays a critical role in shaping the relationship between infant temperament and executive function development.
  • The findings support a nonlinear model of early development, where the impact of infant traits depends on the caregiving context.
  • Interventions aimed at enhancing maternal sensitivity may promote executive function in at-risk infants.