Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Developmental Profile and Variability in Preschool-Age Children With Down Syndrome.

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR·2026
Same author

Sense of Time in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD and Developmental Dyscalculia from a Dimensional and Transdiagnostic Perspective.

Brain sciences·2026
Same author

Cognitive and Affective-Emotional Factors in Math Achievement: The Mediating Role of Intelligence.

Journal of Intelligence·2026
Same author

Music Ensemble: a large dataset on musicianship, cognition, and personality in musicians and nonmusicians.

Scientific data·2026
Same author

University Students With Specific Learning Disabilities: Do Soft Skills and Study-Related Factors Make a Difference to Their Academic Outcomes?

Journal of learning disabilities·2026
Same author

What Motivates Parents of Young Children With Down Syndrome to Participate in Research: A Focus Group Analysis.

Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID·2026
Same journal

Anterior Cingulate Cortex Mediates State-Dependent Prioritization of Distressed Conspecifics.

Brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Hemispherotomy for Pediatric Post-Traumatic Epilepsy.

Brain sciences·2026
Same journal

When Robots Learn: Artificial Intelligence and the Next Human-Centered Era of Neurorehabilitation.

Brain sciences·2026
Same journal

The Association Between Changes in White Matter Microstructure and Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Brain sciences·2026
Same journal

Beyond Ventricular Enlargement: Multimodal MRI Assessment Improves Surgical Decision-Making in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Brain sciences·2026
Same journal

The Effects of Personalized Observation, Execution, and Mental Imagery (POEM) Therapy in Logopenic Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Telepractice-Based Single-Case Study.

Brain sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome
09:39

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Published on: December 4, 2021

3.3K

Individuals with Down Syndrome: Editorial.

Silvia Lanfranchi1, Chiara Meneghetti2, Enrico Toffalini2

  • 1Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.

Brain Sciences
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition causing intellectual disability. Research continues to explore its complexities and potential therapeutic targets.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research
06:24

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research

Published on: October 20, 2023

1.3K
In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

647

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome
09:39

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Published on: December 4, 2021

3.3K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research
06:24

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research

Published on: October 20, 2023

1.3K
In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

647

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of intellectual disability.
  • Characterized by trisomy 21, DS presents a complex phenotype impacting cognitive function and development.
  • Long-standing research interest in DS stems from its prevalence and the need for effective interventions.

Discussion:

  • Investigating the genetic underpinnings of DS intellectual disability.
  • Exploring molecular pathways affected by trisomy 21.
  • Analyzing the impact of genetic imbalances on neural development and function.

Key Insights:

  • DS research focuses on understanding the genotype-phenotype correlations.
  • Identifying specific genes on chromosome 21 contributing to cognitive deficits.
  • Developing targeted therapeutic strategies for DS.

Outlook:

  • Future research directions include precision medicine approaches for DS.
  • Potential for novel treatments aimed at mitigating cognitive impairments.
  • Advancing the understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders through DS research.