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Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Fiber Connections of the Supplementary Motor Area Revisited: Methodology of Fiber Dissection, DTI, and Three Dimensional Documentation
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The Fascias of the Forehead and Temple Aligned-An Anatomic Narrative Review
Fabio Ingallina1, Michael G Alfertshofer2, Leonie Schelke3
1Private Practice, Catania, Italy.
Abstract:
A thorough understanding of 3-dimensional facial anatomy and its fascial concepts is essential to allow for further development of novel surgical and nonsurgical treatment strategies to increase patient safety and effectiveness. The layered anatomy and its interconnections of the forehead, scalp, and temple is complex and is thus summarized and aligned in a unified nomenclature in this review. The scalp consists of 5 layers, which transition into 8 layers in the forehead and into a total of 13 layers in the temple.
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