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Related Concept Videos

Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

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Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

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Guided Waves in the Skull.

Héctor Estrada1,2, Daniel Razansky3,4

  • 1Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. hector.estrada@posteo.org.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skull-guided waves (SGWs) offer a new way to study the skull ultrasonically. Research is progressing on understanding SGW propagation for better transcranial ultrasound therapy and imaging.

Keywords:
Bone characterizationLamb wavesLaser ultrasoundLaser vibrometryLeaky wavesNear-fieldOptoacousticsRayleigh wavesSkullTranscranial ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Acoustics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The skull bone impedes transcranial ultrasound applications.
  • Previous ultrasonic skull studies used limited frequency ranges and normal incidence.
  • Acoustic guided waves are established for material evaluation and bone strength assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of recent progress in understanding skull-guided waves (SGWs).
  • To describe measurement techniques, experimental observations, and modeling of SGWs.
  • To discuss challenges in applying SGWs to transcranial therapy, imaging, and bone assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing recent research on SGW propagation.
  • Describing techniques for detecting SGWs.
  • Presenting experimental observations and modeling efforts.

Main Results:

  • Skull-guided waves (SGWs) have been identified in mice and humans across a broad frequency and incidence range.
  • Understanding of SGW propagation has advanced.
  • Measurement techniques and modeling efforts are being developed.

Conclusions:

  • SGWs present a promising avenue for overcoming skull-related limitations in ultrasound applications.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges in harnessing SGWs for clinical use.
  • SGWs could enhance transcranial therapy, imaging, and cranial bone assessment.