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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Scleritis in Lyme Disease.

Meghan K Berkenstock1, Kayla Long2, John B Miller3

  • 1From the Wilmer Eye Institute (M.K.B., B.B.B., D.A.J.), Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

American Journal of Ophthalmology
|May 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scleritis, an eye inflammation, is rarely caused by Lyme disease. This study found Lyme disease scleritis occurred in less than 1% of scleritis cases and 0.05% of Lyme disease patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Scleritis can be associated with systemic inflammatory conditions.
  • Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness with potential ocular manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the incidence of scleritis in Lyme disease patients.
  • To describe the clinical characteristics of Lyme disease-associated scleritis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of patients with scleritis from 2012-2020.
  • Diagnosis of Lyme disease based on established criteria and antibiotic response.
  • Incidence calculated using electronic medical records and population data.

Main Results:

  • Seven cases of Lyme disease scleritis were identified.
  • Lyme disease scleritis represented 0.6% of all scleritis cases.
  • All cases were anterior, unilateral, and resolved with antibiotics.

Conclusions:

  • Lyme disease is an uncommon cause of scleritis in endemic regions.
  • Early antibiotic treatment is effective for Lyme disease scleritis.