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Complementation Tests

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Published on: February 14, 2020

Single-parent expression complementation contributes to phenotypic heterosis in maize hybrids.

Jutta A Baldauf¹, Meiling Liu², Lucia Vedder³

¹Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.

Plant Physiology

|May 6, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Single-parent expression (SPE) complementation in maize hybrids activates hundreds of genes, significantly correlating with hybrid performance. This gene expression pattern supports the dominance model of heterosis by enhancing development and stress response.

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Last Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

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Published on: February 14, 2020

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Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts

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Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Plant genetics
Molecular biology
Agricultural science

Background:

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, explains the superior performance of F1-hybrids.
The dominance model posits heterosis arises from complementing deleterious alleles with beneficial ones.
Single-parent expression (SPE) complementation occurs when genes are active in one parent but not the other.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of SPE complementation in maize hybrid performance.
To correlate the number of SPE genes with mid-parent heterosis (MPH).
To analyze the functional enrichment of maternally and paternally active SPE genes.

Main Methods:

Analyzing gene expression in genetically diverse maize hybrids.
Quantifying SPE genes across different tissues.
Correlating SPE gene counts and module enrichment with phenotypic traits.
Performing gene ontology term enrichment analyses.

Main Results:

Approximately 700 additional genes were active on average in maize hybrids due to SPE complementation.
The number of SPE genes significantly associated with MPH across all surveyed traits.
Maternally active SPE genes (SPE_B) correlated positively with traits and were linked to growth/development.
Paternally active SPE genes (SPE_X) correlated negatively with traits and were linked to defense/stress response.

Conclusions:

Phenotypic heterosis in maize is linked to the extent of SPE gene expression complementation.
SPE complementation contributes to hybrid vigor by coordinating development and stress responses in fluctuating environments.
SPE_B and SPE_X gene expression patterns have distinct roles in hybrid performance.