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Related Concept Videos

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Fabrication of Spherical and Worm-shaped Micellar Nanocrystals by Combining Electrospray, Self-assembly, and Solvent-based Structure Control
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Solid-state and particle size control of pharmaceutical cocrystals using atomization-based techniques.

Aaron O'Sullivan1, Barry Long1, Vivek Verma1

  • 1SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|May 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cocrystals significantly enhance API solubility and bioavailability. Atomization-based methods, like spray drying, offer precise control over particle size for improved drug delivery and regulatory compliance.

Keywords:
AntisolventMulticomponent systemsNanoparticlesPrecipitationRegulatorySpray dryingSupercritical fluids

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) hinder drug development and market approval.
  • Cocrystals present a promising strategy to overcome solubility limitations compared to single-API crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the benefits of atomization-based methods for pharmaceutical cocrystal generation.
  • To examine recent regulatory changes concerning cocrystals.
  • To provide an outlook on the future of cocrystal technology.

Main Methods:

  • Atomization-based methods including supercritical fluid methods, conventional spray drying, and electrohydrodynamic atomization (electrospraying).
  • Analysis of process parameters (flow rates, pressure, concentration) influencing solid-state properties and particle size.
  • Literature review focusing on cocrystal publications and regulatory updates.

Main Results:

  • Atomization techniques enable controlled particle size reduction, further enhancing API solubility.
  • Process parameters significantly influence the solid-state characteristics and particle size of generated cocrystals.
  • There is a notable increase in cocrystal research utilizing atomization methods, driven by regulatory considerations.

Conclusions:

  • Atomization-based methods offer a competitive advantage for producing pharmaceutical cocrystals with improved solubility and particle characteristics.
  • Understanding process parameter control is crucial for reproducible cocrystal manufacturing.
  • The field is evolving with increasing research and adaptation to new regulatory landscapes.