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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Pacing Optimized by Left Ventricular dP/dtmax.

Mark K Elliott1, Vishal S Mehta1, Christopher A Rinaldi1

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
|June 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Left ventricular dP/dtmax, a measure of heart function, can guide cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) lead placement. This invasive method may benefit non-responders or those with borderline CRT indications.

Keywords:
Acute hemodynamic responseCardiac resynchronization therapyConduction system pacingDevice optimizationEndocardial left ventricular pacingMultipoint pacingMultisite pacingPressure wire

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Hemodynamics

Background:

  • Left ventricular (LV) dP/dtmax is a sensitive indicator of acute hemodynamic response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
  • LV dP/dtmax can predict echocardiographic reverse remodeling following CRT.
  • Previous studies demonstrated improved outcomes with LV dP/dtmax-guided LV lead placement in a multicenter trial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of LV dP/dtmax in guiding LV lead placement for CRT.
  • To identify patient subgroups who may benefit from invasive LV dP/dtmax measurement for CRT optimization.
  • To explore the role of LV dP/dtmax in selecting alternative CRT delivery methods.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of LV dP/dtmax, an invasive hemodynamic assessment.
  • Guidance of LV lead placement based on LV dP/dtmax values.
  • Analysis of patient response to CRT and reverse remodeling.

Main Results:

  • LV dP/dtmax is a sensitive predictor of acute hemodynamic response to CRT.
  • LV dP/dtmax-guided lead placement improved outcomes in a randomized trial.
  • The invasive nature limits universal application but suggests value in specific patient groups.

Conclusions:

  • LV dP/dtmax is valuable for optimizing CRT, particularly in non-responders or those with borderline indications.
  • It can guide LV lead placement and device programming.
  • LV dP/dtmax may aid in selecting alternative pacing strategies like endocardial or conduction system pacing.