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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Reflex Activity01:08

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A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
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Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
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Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups
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Retained Primitive Reflexes and Potential for Intervention in Autistic Spectrum Disorders.

Robert Melillo1, Gerry Leisman1,2, Calixto Machado3

  • 1Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.

Frontiers in Neurology
|July 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many aspects of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) stem from delayed brain network maturation, causing functional disconnectivity. Inhibiting retained primitive reflexes shows potential for improving cognitive and motor functions in individuals with ASD.

Keywords:
autism spectrum disordersbottom-up processingmaturational delayneuronal synchronyretained primitive reflexestop-down processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by complex neurological differences.
  • Interregional brain functional disconnectivity is increasingly recognized as a key feature in ASD.
  • Developmental delays in brain network maturation are hypothesized to underlie ASD symptomatology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide evidence linking ASD aspects to brain functional disconnectivity and maturational delays.
  • To explore the relationship between retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) and cognitive/motor functions in ASD.
  • To investigate the potential of inhibiting RPRs for positive change in ASD.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews existing evidence on brain network development in ASD.
  • It examines the correlation between functional connectivity, maturational timing, and ASD symptoms.
  • The relationship between RPRs and neurodevelopmental outcomes is analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports ASD being associated with interregional brain disconnectivity due to maturational delays.
  • Developmental asynchrony between brain networks may lead to uneven functional skills and symptoms.
  • A strong link exists between retained primitive reflexes and impaired cognitive/motor function in ASD.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed brain maturation and resulting network disconnectivity are central to many ASD aspects.
  • Retained primitive reflexes are significantly related to cognitive and motor deficits in ASD.
  • Inhibiting retained primitive reflexes may offer a therapeutic avenue for improving outcomes in ASD.