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Related Concept Videos

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
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Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient
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Post-Translational Modifications During Brain Development.

Bradley J Smith1, Victor Corasolla Carregari2

  • 1Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for regulating neurodevelopmental processes, including cytoskeleton dynamics, gene expression, and cell signaling. Disruptions in PTMs can lead to significant structural and behavioral defects in the brain.

Keywords:
Brain developmentNeurodevelopmentNeurodevelopmental disordersPost-translational modifications

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential regulators of cellular functions.
  • Neurodevelopment involves complex, precisely timed biological processes.
  • PTMs play critical roles in orchestrating neurodevelopmental events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of PTMs in neurodevelopment.
  • To highlight the impact of PTM dysregulation on brain development and function.
  • To underscore the need for further research into PTMs' functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PTMs in neurodevelopment.
  • Categorization of PTMs' roles in key neurodevelopmental processes.
  • Analysis of consequences of PTM dysregulation.

Main Results:

  • PTMs regulate the cytoskeleton, impacting cell structure and stability.
  • PTMs control gene expression, crucial for cell maturation and differentiation.
  • PTMs are vital for cell signaling, influencing migration and axonal guidance.
  • Dysregulation of PTMs leads to altered brain volume, structure, and behavior.

Conclusions:

  • PTMs are indispensable for normal neurodevelopment.
  • Imbalances in PTMs contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Further in-depth investigation of PTMs is warranted to uncover their full spectrum of roles.