Advances in Digital Technology in Teaching Human Anatomy: Ethical Predicaments

The study of human anatomy has long been inseparable from illustration, as the portrayal of the dissected body alongside a descriptive text supports the understanding of this complex topic. With the advent of new technologies, applications for revealing the details of the human body have increased to include Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanning, digital photography and videography, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. In addition, the distribution of the captured image has become widespread in both online teaching and in hard copy textbooks. While these digital images and applications are invaluable for online teaching, particularly during pandemics, anatomists must consider whether the use of the images and data derived from human bodies (either donor or unclaimed) is ethical, as it is not always clear whether permission has been obtained for their creation.Questions regarding the ethical sourcing and use of images will become more urgent as the utilization of electronic data becomes routine. Particularly concerning is the distribution of images and videos in the public domain on social media, where the context and link with education may be severed. Other considerations include respect for the privacy of the deceased, ownership of images, and commercialization. An initial question that should be posed is "Who is responsible for the oversight of digital and 3D printed models of bodies?" The ethical use of such images needs to be considered by the global anatomy community in order to ensure that anatomists do not retreat into the ethical mire of their forefathers.