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Related Concept Videos

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Explaining bias with bias.

Krzysztof Przybyszewski1, Dorota Rutkowska2, Michał Białek3

  • 1Department of Economic Psychology, Kozminski University, 03-301 Warsaw, Polandcrispy@kozminski.edu.pl.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|October 25, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The framing effect is rational if the biased editing phase is procedurally rational. This cognitive bias arises from setting a biased reference point for outcome comparisons.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Framing effects demonstrate systematic deviations from rational choice theory.
  • Understanding the rationality of cognitive biases is crucial for decision-making research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the rationality of framing effects within a procedural rationality framework.
  • To identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying framing effects.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of framing effects and procedural rationality.
  • Reference to Herbert Simon's work on bounded rationality.

Main Results:

  • Argues that framing effects can be considered rational under specific conditions of procedural rationality.
  • Identifies the biased setting of reference points as the source of framing effects during evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Framing effects are procedurally rational, stemming from biased reference point formation.
  • Acceptance of procedural rationality in the editing phase supports the rationality of framing effects.