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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

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Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
7.6K
Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

8.8K
Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
8.8K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

2.2K
Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
2.2K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.4K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.4K
Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction01:17

Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction

8.4K
Pericyclic reactions are organic reactions that occur via a concerted mechanism without generating any intermediates. The reactions proceed through the movement of electrons in a closed loop to form a cyclic transition state, where rearrangement of the σ and π bonds yields specific products.
Pericyclic reactions can be classified into three categories: electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. Electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Valence-variable Catalysts for Redox-controlled Switchable Ring-opening Polymerization.

Bokun Li1,2, Chenyang Hu1, Xuan Pang1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, P. R. China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|November 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biodegradable polymers are key sustainable materials. This review highlights a new redox-controlled catalyst strategy for precise synthesis of polymers with tunable properties, overcoming challenges in ring-opening polymerizations.

Keywords:
metal-based catalystredox controlring-opening polymerizationswitchable polymerizationvalence-variable catalyst

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Biodegradable polymers are gaining interest as sustainable materials.
  • Controlled synthesis of polymers with specific microstructures remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review redox-controlled switchable strategies for polymer synthesis.
  • To highlight the potential applications and challenges of valence-variable metal-based catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing valence-variable metal-based catalysts.
  • Employing redox-induced switching for controlled polymerization.
  • Synthesizing polymers from cyclic esters, cyclic ethers, epoxides, and CO2.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high sequence-control and easy-handling in ring-opening polymerizations.
  • Demonstrated the formation of polymer products with desired microstructures.
  • Enabled tunable polymer performances through valence-determined electron effects.

Conclusions:

  • Redox-controlled switchable polymerization offers a promising approach for sustainable polymer synthesis.
  • Valence-variable catalysts provide precise control over polymer microstructure and properties.
  • Further research is needed to explore the full potential and overcome challenges in this field.