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Related Concept Videos

Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

126
When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
126
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

186
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
186
Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

146
Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
146
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

343
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
343
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

299
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
299
Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

158
Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
158

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Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale
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Relationship between Shale Hydration and Shale Collapse.

Wenxin Dong1,2,3, Jian Tian1, Qiang Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China.

ACS Omega
|November 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shale hydration causes reservoir collapse, impacting natural gas extraction and safety. This study reveals a three-stage collapse process, enabling prediction based on hydration levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Petroleum Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Shale gas is a major natural gas source.
  • Shale reservoirs are susceptible to water-induced collapse due to clay content.
  • Reservoir collapse can lead to gas loss, seismicity, and safety concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between shale hydration and reservoir collapse.
  • To analyze the progression and mechanisms of shale hydration collapse.
  • To develop a predictive model for shale collapse based on hydration.

Main Methods:

  • Shale samples collected from the lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation at 3500 m depth.
  • Simulation of hydrated shale samples to study hydration-collapse interactions.
  • Combined magnetic resonance and mechanical analysis to assess collapse.
  • Analysis of water molecule magnetic resonance to determine hydration state and damage.

Main Results:

  • Shale collapse follows an S-shaped curve with distinct potential, exciting, and mature periods.
  • Hydration state and damage degree correlate with magnetic resonance signals of water molecules.
  • A mechanism for shale hydration collapse was elucidated using empirical and numerical data.

Conclusions:

  • Shale hydration collapse is a predictable process.
  • Magnetic resonance provides insights into shale hydration and damage.
  • The proposed mechanism aids in predicting reservoir stability and mitigating risks.