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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Aging and Bone Metabolism.

Robert J Pignolo1,2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Endocrinology, and Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Comprehensive Physiology
|January 30, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging leads to bone loss and fractures due to changes in bone structure and metabolism. Maintaining bone mineral density (BMD) is crucial for healthy aging and reducing fracture risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Skeletal Biology
  • Bone Physiology

Background:

  • Aging alters bone architecture and metabolism, increasing osteoporosis and fracture risk.
  • Age-onset osteoporosis results from multifactorial causes, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
  • Histological changes include altered bone tissue, marrow cellularity, and stem cell fate, alongside senescent cell accumulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifactorial nature of age-related osteoporosis.
  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-induced bone fragility.
  • To explore the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and successful aging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of age-related changes in bone metabolism and structure.
  • Analysis of histological and cellular alterations in aging bone tissue.
  • Examination of the impact of aging on bone remodeling and systemic interactions.

Main Results:

  • Aging promotes bone loss through impaired osteoblastic activity and increased osteoclastic resorption.
  • Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation shifts towards adipogenesis, contributing to bone loss.
  • Senescent cells accumulate, releasing factors that negatively impact bone health.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related osteoporosis is a complex geriatric syndrome driven by cumulative skeletal changes.
  • Maintaining BMD is associated with reduced fracture risk, disability, and mortality, indicating successful aging.
  • Interactions between aging systems, like muscle and bone, influence skeletal health in older adults.