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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

A Method to Define the Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Colon Microbiome Biodiversity in a Mouse Colon Tumor Model
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S100B Affects Gut Microbiota Biodiversity.

Vincenzo Romano Spica1, Federica Valeriani1, Massimiliano Orsini2

  • 1Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that the protein S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B) levels correlate with gut microbial diversity in mice. Modulating S100B activity impacts this relationship, suggesting a role in gut microbiota regulation.

Keywords:
16S amplicon sequencingIBDNGSPentamidineS100Beubiosisgut–brain axismfDNAmicrobiomemilkprotein-binding domain

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • S100B protein is found in enteroglial cells and dietary sources like milk.
  • The gut microbiota's role in host physiology is increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding interactions between host factors and gut microbes is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between gut microbiota biodiversity and S100B protein levels in vivo.
  • To explore the influence of S100B activity modulation on this relationship.
  • To identify potential S100B-mediated mechanisms regulating the intestinal microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo mouse model.
  • Correlation analysis between S100B levels and microbial diversity (Shannon values).
  • Treatment with Pentamidine (S100B inhibitor).
  • Microbial profiling using bootstrap average and SIMPER analysis.
  • Pilot oral administration of S100B.

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation was found between S100B levels and microbial diversity.
  • Pentamidine treatment reduced this correlation, indicating S100B's role.
  • Three distinct microbial profile groups emerged based on S100B concentration.
  • Eubiotic genera were enriched in the intermediate group, while pathobionts were associated with low/high S100B levels.
  • Oral S100B administration altered microbial profiles.

Conclusions:

  • S100B protein levels are significantly associated with gut microbial biodiversity.
  • S100B activity modulation influences the gut microbiota composition.
  • These findings suggest a potential role for S100B in regulating the intestinal microbiota, opening new research avenues.