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Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Colloids and Suspensions

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

Coagulation

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Drying Drops of Colloidal Dispersions.

Sumesh P Thampi¹, Madivala G Basavaraj¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Soft and Biological Matter, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India; email: sumesh@iitm.ac.in, basa@iitm.ac.in.

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

|March 14, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Drying colloidal drops involve complex physics and transport processes. This review covers the principles governing drying drops and the diverse patterns they form on surfaces.

Keywords:

drying in complex configurations drying of complex fluids evaporation-driven flows evaporative patterns sessile drop evaporation

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Last Updated: Aug 6, 2025

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Area of Science:

Colloid and Surface Science
Fluid Dynamics
Heat and Mass Transfer

Background:

Drying drops of colloidal dispersions have been studied since the 19th century.
The problem involves multiscale physics, including colloidal, interfacial, heat, mass, and momentum transport.
The complexity increases with varied dispersed entities and complex evaporation configurations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review past and contemporary developments in the field of drying colloidal drops.
To emphasize the physicochemical and hydrodynamical principles governing the drying process.
To highlight the variety of patterns generated on substrates.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on drying drop phenomena.
Analysis of physicochemical principles.
Examination of hydrodynamical governing processes.

Main Results:

Drying drop behavior is governed by a combination of colloidal, interfacial, and transport phenomena.
Complex interactions lead to diverse pattern formation on substrates.
The study of drying drops is a rich field with ongoing research.

Conclusions:

Understanding the fundamental principles is key to predicting drying drop behavior.
The field offers insights into pattern formation relevant to various applications.
Further research continues to expand the scope and understanding of drying drop systems.