Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability: Overview01:13

Bioavailability: Overview

3.0K
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
3.0K
Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination01:23

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

6.6K
When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...
6.6K
Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

18.9K
Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
18.9K
Compounds Essential to Human Function01:25

Compounds Essential to Human Function

6.0K
The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all physiological processes in the body and are broadly classified into organic and inorganic based on their chemical structures.
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning include water, salts, acids, and bases. These compounds are inorganic, i.e., they do not have a carbon-hydrogen bond. Water...
6.0K
Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

Bioequivalence: Overview

1.1K
Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
1.1K
Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy01:22

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

4.6K
The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it...
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Impact of Cognitive Reserve Factors on Addiction-Related Variables, Cognitive Performance, and Treatment Dropout in Patients with Substance Use Disorder.

Current neuropharmacology·2026
Same author

Intergenerational Mealtimes in Adult Day Care Settings: Impact of a Pilot Randomised Control Study on the Well-Being, Health, and Food Intake of Older Adults.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Upcycling Grape Pomace in a Plant-Based Yogurt Alternative: Starter Selection, Phenolic Profiling, and Antioxidant Efficacy on Human Keratinocytes.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Perinatal Ethanol Exposure Induces Astrogliosis and Decreases GRP55/PEA-Mediated Neuroprotection in Hippocampal Astrocytes of the 3×Tg Alzheimer's Animal Model.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

High-Phenolic Cocoa Enhances Drug-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference Independently of Increasing Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis.

Food science & nutrition·2025
Same author

A persistent increase in gut permeability correlates with emotional dysregulation following maternal separation in male and female mice.

Behavioural brain research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Eco-Friendly Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Polyol-Based Microwave-Assisted Techniques
07:05

Author Spotlight: Eco-Friendly Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Polyol-Based Microwave-Assisted Techniques

Published on: August 23, 2024

1.8K

Exploring the Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Different Cocoa Powders.

María Del Carmen Razola-Díaz1,2, María José Aznar-Ramos1,2, Vito Verardo1,2

  • 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Non-alkalized cocoa, particularly from Peru, offers superior bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity compared to alkalized varieties. This finding supports exploring cocoa for enhanced brain plasticity and cognitive function.

Keywords:
antioxidant activitycocoa powdermethylxanthinesphenolic compoundsprocyanidins

More Related Videos

A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes
10:30

A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes

Published on: June 10, 2022

7.0K
High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.
05:55

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Published on: June 16, 2018

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Eco-Friendly Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Polyol-Based Microwave-Assisted Techniques
07:05

Author Spotlight: Eco-Friendly Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Polyol-Based Microwave-Assisted Techniques

Published on: August 23, 2024

1.8K
A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes
10:30

A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes

Published on: June 10, 2022

7.0K
High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.
05:55

High-throughput, Microscale Protocol for the Analysis of Processing Parameters and Nutritional Qualities in Maize Zea mays L.

Published on: June 16, 2018

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seeds yield compounds with significant health benefits, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects.
  • Bioactive compounds in cocoa are primarily responsible for its observed health-promoting properties.
  • Understanding cocoa's composition is crucial for developing targeted nutritional strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds (phenolics, procyanidins, methylxanthines) of seven cocoa varieties.
  • To evaluate the antioxidant activity of alkalized and non-alkalized cocoa powders.
  • To identify high-polyphenol cocoa sources for potential cognitive function and brain plasticity enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrasound-assisted extraction of cocoa powders.
  • Quantification of total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin-Ciocalteu assay.
  • Determination of methylxanthines and procyanidins via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-FLD-DAD).
  • Assessment of antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays.

Main Results:

  • Non-alkalized cocoas exhibited significantly higher phenolic and procyanidin content and greater antioxidant activity than alkalized ones.
  • A strong positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content, particularly total procyanidins.
  • Cocoa from Peru demonstrated the highest TPC and procyanidin levels, making it a prime candidate.

Conclusions:

  • Non-alkalized cocoa powders, especially from Peru, are rich in bioactive compounds and possess potent antioxidant properties.
  • The findings highlight the potential of specific cocoa varieties in nutritional strategies aimed at improving cognitive function.
  • Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of high-polyphenol cocoa on brain plasticity and cognition.