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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

11.7K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Crystal Density01:19

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The crystal lattice structure of a material allows us to determine how many molecules exist in its unit cell. With this information, alongside the unit-cell parameters - three distance parameters (a, b, c) and three angular parameters (α, β, γ).Density (ρ) = (Z × M) / (a × b × c × NA)where:Z is the number of formula units per unit cellM is the molar mass of the substancea, b, and c are the edge lengths of the unit cellNA is Avogadro’s numberFor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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Tracking cubic ice at molecular resolution.

Xudan Huang1,2, Lifen Wang3,4, Keyang Liu5

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

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|March 29, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists observed the formation of cubic ice, a previously undescribed ice phase. This finding, using advanced microscopy, clarifies ice crystallization and its structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Ice plays a crucial role in Earth's climate and various scientific applications.
  • Understanding ice formation and structure is vital but remains incomplete.
  • A long-standing debate exists regarding the formation of cubic ice, a phase not yet fully described.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation behavior and structure of cubic ice.
  • To resolve the debate on whether cubic ice can form distinct from hexagonal ice.
  • To visualize the molecular-level dynamics of ice crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) with low-dose imaging.
  • Controlled water vapor deposition at 102 K.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated preferential nucleation of cubic ice at low-temperature interfaces.
  • Observed separate crystallization of cubic and hexagonal ice.
  • Identified cubic ice defects and stacking disorder.
  • Revealed structure evolution dynamics through simulations.

Conclusions:

  • Cubic ice can form as a distinct phase separate from hexagonal ice.
  • Cryo-TEM provides direct, real-space imaging of ice formation at the molecular level.
  • This research opens new avenues for studying ice and other hydrogen-bonding crystals.