Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVBFB) on sleep quality and depression among methamphetamine users

Methamphetamine is garnering concern due to its increasing use worldwide. Depression and sleep quality are major mental health issues in substance users. Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVBFB) has shown promising results in terms of reducing depression and increasing sleep quality. The present study aimed to explore the effects of HRVBFB on these two issues in methamphetamine users. Sixty-one methamphetamine users were enrolled and allocated randomly into a treatment as usual (TAU) group and a HRVBFB plus TAU group. The levels of depressive symptoms and sleep quality were assessed at intake, end of the intervention, and end of follow-up. Compared with baseline, the levels of depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality were decreased at the end of the intervention and follow-up in the HRVBFB group. The HRVBFB group exhibited a greater decrease in depressive symptoms and a better improvement in sleep quality than the TAU group. The associations of HRV indices with levels of depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality were different in the two groups. Our results showed that HRVBFB is a promising intervention for reducing depressive symptoms and improving sleep quality in methamphetamine users. The benefits with respect to depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality can extend beyond the end of HRVBFB intervention.