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Digital Handwriting Analysis of Characters in Chinese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Time flows vertically in Chinese.

Yang Li1, Gary Oppenheim2, Guillaume Thierry3

  • 1Faculty of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, UK; Department of Psychology, School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.

Brain and Cognition
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mandarin Chinese speakers implicitly conceptualize time vertically. Brain measurements show that spatial metaphors for time are embodied, influencing semantic processing.

Keywords:
Event-related potentialsN400SemanticsSpatiotemporal metaphorsVertical axis

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Linguistics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The embodiment hypothesis suggests abstract concepts are understood via sensory experiences.
  • Mandarin Chinese speakers may conceptualize time vertically, but behavioral evidence is inconclusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate implicit space-time conceptual relationships in Mandarin Chinese speakers using electrophysiology.
  • To determine if vertical time conceptualization extends to non-spatial temporal expressions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modified arrow flanker task with spatial words, spatiotemporal metaphors, and non-spatial temporal expressions.
  • Measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs), specifically N400 modulations, to assess semantic congruency.
  • Examined N400 effects for spatial words, spatiotemporal metaphors, and non-spatial temporal expressions.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed predicted N400 effects for spatial words and spatiotemporal metaphors.
  • Observed significant N400 congruency effects for non-spatial temporal expressions, similar in magnitude to spatial ones.
  • Demonstrated embodied spatiotemporal metaphors in Mandarin speakers via direct brain measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Native Mandarin Chinese speakers conceptualize time along a vertical axis.
  • Embodied spatiotemporal metaphors are evident in semantic processing, even for non-spatial temporal expressions.
  • Electrophysiology provides evidence for embodied cognition in abstract concept understanding.