Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.1K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.1K
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

2.1K
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
2.1K
Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

2.3K
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
2.3K
EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

2.8K
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
2.8K
Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

2.1K
Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluation of the Toxicity and Efficacy of an Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Expressing <i>BEST1</i> Delivered by Subretinal Injection in a Canine Model of Human Bestrophinopathy.

Human gene therapy·2026
Same author

Liver X Receptor Alpha Deficiency Primes Retinal Degeneration, but Aging Drives Disease Severity.

The American journal of pathology·2026
Same author

Mini-Series Title: "Nuclear Receptors in Ocular Health and Disease: Therapeutic Horizons from Cornea to Retina" Title: <i>"Nuclear Receptors: The Eye's Hidden Gatekeepers of Inflammation, Lipids, and Repair"</i> Part 1: Setting the Stage.

Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics·2026
Same author

Closing Reflections from the Editor-in-Chief of Current Eye Research for the Posterior Segment.

Current eye research·2026
Same author

Exosomes Across the Globe - How Essential are They to Ocular Biology, Pathology, and Therapy?

Current eye research·2026
Same author

Reduced complex I activity in the retinal pigment epithelium, but not in rod photoreceptors, affects light signaling without impacting cell survival.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies
09:18

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Published on: February 4, 2015

10.7K

CD68: Potential Contributor to Inflammation and RPE Cell Dystrophy.

Mayur Choudhary1, Goldis Malek2,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Eye Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

CD68, a marker for macrophages, may play a role in regulating retinal health and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Further research is needed to clarify its function in AMD pathogenesis.

Keywords:
Age-related macular degenerationCD68InflammationRetinal pigment epithelial cellsSub-retinal immune cells

More Related Videos

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
10:19

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: June 24, 2014

11.4K
Differentiation, Maintenance, and Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: A Disease-in-a-dish Model for BEST1 Mutations
06:39

Differentiation, Maintenance, and Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: A Disease-in-a-dish Model for BEST1 Mutations

Published on: August 24, 2018

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies
09:18

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Published on: February 4, 2015

10.7K
MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
10:19

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: June 24, 2014

11.4K
Differentiation, Maintenance, and Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: A Disease-in-a-dish Model for BEST1 Mutations
06:39

Differentiation, Maintenance, and Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: A Disease-in-a-dish Model for BEST1 Mutations

Published on: August 24, 2018

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a primary cause of vision loss in older adults, driven by complex inflammatory processes.
  • CD68 is a myeloid marker found on macrophages, crucial immune cells involved in inflammation.
  • Previous studies on CD68 in AMD tissues have yielded conflicting results regarding its presence and role.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on CD68's function in retinal health and inflammation.
  • It examines observations of CD68 localization in a mouse model exhibiting AMD-like characteristics.
  • The review discusses the potential involvement of CD68 in regulating retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) health.

Key Points:

  • CD68 is highly expressed in macrophages, key players in inflammatory responses.
  • Conflicting data exists on CD68 expression in human AMD tissues.
  • Animal models suggest CD68 upregulation in protective retinal microglia.

Conclusions:

  • CD68's precise role in AMD pathogenesis requires further investigation.
  • Understanding CD68's function could offer new therapeutic targets for AMD.
  • This review highlights the need for continued research into immune cell involvement in AMD.