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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
05:39

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice

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Benign Spinal Tumors.

Mohammad Hassan A Noureldine1,2, Nir Shimony3,4,5, George I Jallo6

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Benign spinal tumors, including astrocytomas and meningiomas, are rare. Maximal safe surgical resection is key for favorable functional outcomes, especially for extramedullary types.

Keywords:
AstrocytomaBenignEpendymomaExtramedullaryGangliogliomaHemangioblastomaIntraduralIntramedullaryMeningiomaNeurofibromaSchwannomaSpinal tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology
  • Spinal Cord Medicine

Background:

  • Benign spinal intradural tumors are uncommon, encompassing intramedullary (e.g., low-grade astrocytomas, ependymomas) and intradural extramedullary (e.g., meningiomas, schwannomas) types.
  • Tumor effects include mass effect and neuronal involvement, particularly with infiltrative lesions.
  • Advances in molecular profiling enhance the definition and tailored treatment of central nervous system tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the management and outcomes of benign spinal intradural tumors.
  • To highlight the importance of maximal safe surgical resection as the primary treatment modality.
  • To emphasize functional outcomes as the key measure of success for these benign neoplasms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature concerning benign spinal intradural tumors.
  • Discussion of surgical techniques for maximal safe resection of both intramedullary and intradural extramedullary tumors.
  • Analysis of outcome assessment focusing on functional recovery.

Main Results:

  • Maximal safe surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for benign spinal intradural tumors.
  • Gross-total or near-total resection is achievable for many intramedullary tumors with meticulous surgical techniques.
  • Intradural extramedullary tumors are generally more amenable to complete surgical removal.
  • Functional outcomes, rather than oncological survival, are the primary indicators of successful management.

Conclusions:

  • Benign spinal intradural tumors require tailored surgical approaches for maximal safe resection.
  • Functional outcomes are the most relevant metrics for assessing treatment success in these benign conditions.
  • Continued research into molecular profiling may further refine treatment strategies for spinal tumors.