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$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules

Fully Autonomous Characterization and Data Collection from Crystals of Biological Macromolecules

Published on: March 22, 2019

ID22 - the high-resolution powder-diffraction beamline at ESRF.

Andrew Fitch¹, Catherine Dejoie¹, Ezio Covacci¹

¹ESRF, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|July 18, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The ID22 beamline at ESRF now offers enhanced high-resolution powder diffraction capabilities post-upgrade. Its advanced detector and sample environments enable precise materials analysis across a wide temperature and pressure range.

Keywords:

ESRF PDF analysis high resolution powder X-ray diffraction

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Published on: August 22, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
X-ray Diffraction

Background:

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) underwent a major upgrade (Phase 2) including a new low-emittance storage ring.
The ID22 beamline, a high-resolution powder-diffraction facility, has been re-evaluated and described post-upgrade.

Purpose of the Study:

To detail the current status and capabilities of the ID22 beamline after the ESRF upgrade.
To highlight the improvements in data acquisition and analysis enabled by new instrumentation.

Main Methods:

Utilizes an in-vacuum undulator source (6-75 keV X-rays).
Features a 13-channel Si 111 multi-analyser stage and a Dectris Eiger2 X 2M-W CdTe pixel detector for high angular resolution.
Employs a Perkin Elmer XRD1611 detector for faster, lower-resolution data acquisition.
Offers diverse sample environments including variable temperatures (4 K to 1600 °C) and gas-controlled capillary cells (0-100 bar).

Main Results:

The new detector provides automatic axial divergence correction, leading to narrower and more symmetric diffraction peaks.
Improved statistical quality of high-angle data due to adjustable axial acceptance.
Capability for pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis at various photon energies and 2θ ranges.
Extensive sample environment options facilitate in-situ studies under extreme conditions.

Conclusions:

The upgraded ID22 beamline provides state-of-the-art high-resolution powder diffraction capabilities.
Enhanced data quality and versatility support advanced materials research.
The facility is well-equipped for a broad spectrum of scientific investigations requiring precise structural analysis.