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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Understanding the stability of equilibrium configurations is a fundamental part of mechanical engineering. In any system, there are three distinct types of equilibrium: stable, neutral, and unstable.
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Tricritical Behavior in Dynamical Phase Transitions.

Tal Agranov1, Michael E Cates1, Robert L Jack1,2

  • 1DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|July 21, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new type of dynamical phase transition in diffusive systems using macroscopic fluctuation theory. This transition involves bias-induced phase curves meeting at two tricritical points, offering new insights into complex system dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Macroscopic fluctuation theory describes diffusive systems.
  • Dynamical phase transitions are crucial in understanding system behavior.
  • Bias-induced transitions can alter system dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify a novel scenario for dynamical phase transitions.
  • Characterize transitions associated with time-integrated observables.
  • Develop a general criterion and Landau theory for tricritical behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing macroscopic fluctuation theory for diffusive systems.
  • Formulating a general criterion for the new phase transition scenario.
  • Deriving an exact Landau theory for tricritical points.
  • Applying the theory to three distinct lattice gas models.

Main Results:

  • A new scenario for dynamical phase transitions was identified.
  • The scenario is characterized by the meeting of first- and second-order phase transition curves at two tricritical points.
  • A general criterion for this scenario's appearance was established.
  • Exact Landau theory for tricritical behavior was derived.

Conclusions:

  • The identified scenario provides a new framework for understanding phase transitions in diffusive systems.
  • The findings are demonstrated across diverse models, including exclusion processes and lattice gases.
  • This work advances the study of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and complex systems.