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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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What Is the CRISPR System and How It Is Used?

Danyel F Contiliani1,2, Vitor N Moraes2,3, Geraldo A Passos4,5

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CRISPR gene editing technology, derived from bacterial defense, offers unprecedented ease in exploring cellular genetics. Its components and versatile applications extend beyond editing to diverse molecular biology functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR technology originated from a natural bacterial antiviral defense system.
  • It has revolutionized the exploration of cellular genetic blueprints.
  • The system provides an unprecedentedly easy way to study DNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the history and development of CRISPR technology.
  • To explain the key components and mode of action of CRISPR.
  • To highlight the versatility of CRISPR for diverse applications beyond gene editing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the historical development of CRISPR.
  • Explanation of CRISPR's key components: Cas9 endonuclease and single guide RNA.
  • Description of CRISPR's mode of action, including DNA cleavage and repair pathways (NHEJ/HDR).

Main Results:

  • CRISPR emerged from a bacterial antiviral defense mechanism.
  • Key components include Cas9 endonuclease and single guide RNA.
  • Mode of action involves DNA cleavage and repair via NHEJ or HDR.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR technology offers a versatile tool for scientific exploration.
  • Its applications extend to gene editing, nucleic acid detection, gene expression regulation, and more.
  • The technology has significantly advanced molecular biology research worldwide.