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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The thermodynamic stability of surface nanobubbles has been a long-standing debate.
  • Previous studies demonstrated stability in closed systems under specific conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the thermodynamic stability of nanobubbles in open systems.
  • To explore the role of hydrophobic supports and supersaturation in nanobubble formation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a grand-canonical description for bubble formation.
  • Thermodynamic analysis of nanobubble nucleation and stability.

Main Results:

  • Nanobubbles can nucleate and remain thermodynamically stable in open systems at high supersaturations when pinned to hydrophobic supports.
  • Larger bubbles require significantly higher energy barriers for formation via heterogeneous nucleation on uniform surfaces.
  • Growth-limiting mechanisms like pinning or finite gas availability are essential for surface bubble stabilization.

Conclusions:

  • Surface nanobubbles can be thermodynamically stable structures under specific conditions in open systems.
  • Hydrophobic pinning is a key factor enabling nanobubble nucleation and stability.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for applications involving gas-liquid interfaces.