Trapping Hydrogen Molecules between Perfect Graphene

There is a lack of deep understanding of hydrogen intercalation into graphite due to many challenges faced during characterization of the systems. Therefore, a suitable route to trap isolated hydrogen molecules (H₂) between the perfect graphite lattices needs to be found. Here we realize the formation of hydrogen bubbles in graphite with controllable density, size, and layer number. We find that the molecular H₂ cannot be diffused between nor escape from the defect-free graphene lattices, and it remains stable in the pressurized bubbles up to 400 °C. The internal pressure of H₂ inside the bubbles is strongly temperature dependent, and it decreases as the temperature rises. The proton permeation rate can be estimated at a specific plasma power. The producing method of H₂ bubbles offers a useful way for storing hydrogen in layered materials, and these materials provide a prospective research platform for studying nontrivial quantum effects in confined H₂.