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Nonequilibrium Fractional Josephson Effect.

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Voltage pulses induce a novel fractional Josephson effect in superconducting junctions. This nonequilibrium phenomenon, driven by quasiparticle interference, is observed even in topological junctions with Majorana bound states.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Superconductivity
  • Quantum electronics

Background:

  • Josephson tunnel junctions typically show supercurrent proportional to sin(ϕ).
  • A cos(ϕ) term and electronic retardation effects are also present.
  • Nonequilibrium conditions can alter junction behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of time-varying voltage pulses on Josephson junctions.
  • Analyze the emergence of a nonequilibrium fractional Josephson effect (NFJE).
  • Examine the NFJE in topological Josephson junctions with Majorana bound states.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic analysis of Josephson tunnel junctions under pulsed voltage.
  • Theoretical investigation of the interplay between sin(ϕ) and cos(ϕ) terms.
  • Study of bound states near zero frequency and quasiparticle excitations.

Main Results:

  • Time-varying voltage pulses significantly enhance the cos(ϕ) term.
  • A nonequilibrium fractional Josephson effect (NFJE) proportional to sin(ϕ/2) emerges.
  • The NFJE arises from the interference of nonequilibrium virtual quasiparticle excitations.
  • In topological Josephson junctions, the NFJE is independent of ground state fermion parity.

Conclusions:

  • Pulsed voltages drive Josephson junctions into a novel nonequilibrium state.
  • The NFJE offers a new avenue for exploring quantum phenomena in superconductors.
  • Topological Josephson junctions exhibit unique NFJE properties, distinct from equilibrium behavior.