Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
Published on: January 29, 2018
Bone Material Properties in Bone Diseases Affecting Children
Adalbert Raimann1,2, Barbara M Misof2,3, Peter Fratzl4
1Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Purpose Of Review:
Metabolic and genetic bone disorders affect not only bone mass but often also the bone material, including degree of mineralization, matrix organization, and lacunar porosity. The quality of juvenile bone is moreover highly influenced by skeletal growth. This review aims to provide a compact summary of the present knowledge on the complex interplay between bone modeling and remodeling during skeletal growth and to alert the reader to the complexity of bone tissue characteristics in children with bone disorders.
Recent Findings:
We describe cellular events together with the characteristics of the different tissues and organic matrix organization (cartilage, woven and lamellar bone) occurring during linear growth. Subsequently, we present typical alterations thereof in disorders leading to over-mineralized bone matrix compared to those associated with low or normal mineral content based on bone biopsy studies. Growth spurts or growth retardation might amplify or mask disease-related alterations in bone material, which makes the interpretation of bone tissue findings in children complex and challenging.
Related Concept Videos
Bone Disorders
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
What is the Skeletal System?
The Functions of the Skeletal System
Essential Minerals for Bone Health
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
The Bone Matrix
Bone Remodeling

