Neuroimaging of Infectious Vasculopathy

Vasculitis is a complication of several infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system, which may result in ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and aneurysm formation. Infectious agents may directly infect the endothelium causing vasculitis or indirectly affect the vessel wall through an immunological cascade. Clinical manifestations usually overlap with those of noninfectious vascular diseases, making diagnosis challenging. Neuroimaging enables the identification of inflammatory changes in intracranial vasculitis. In this article, we review the imaging features of infectious vasculitis of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic causes.